![]() The dose of patulin was estimated based on the maximum permitted level of patulin for apple products intended for infants and young children. Animals from the experimental groups (group E♂, n = 3 group E♀, n = 4) were injected intramuscularly with patulin at dose 10 μg/kg body weight two times a week for 28 days. Fourteen clinically healthy four-month-old rabbits of both sexes (6 males and 8 females) were included in the study. The current study was performed to analyse possible toxic effects of patulin on femoral bone microstructure in adult rabbits in detail. ![]() A number of adverse health effects in humans and animals are associated with patulin intoxication. Patulin, a toxic mold metabolite, has been found as natural contaminant of processed fruits, most notably apples, apple juices and other apple-based products. The obtained results demonstrate that even low doses of ZEN and T-2 can affect living organisms and cause changes in the neurochemical profile of enteric neurons. Both mycotoxins led to an increase in the percentage of CGRP-LI neurons in all types of enteric plexuses and changed the degree of co-localization of CGRP with other neuronal active substances, such as substance P, galanin, nitric oxide synthase, and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of low doses of zearalenone (ZEN) and T-2 toxin on calcitonin gene related peptide-like immunoreactive (CGRP-LI) neurons in the ENS of the porcine descending colon using a double immunofluorescence technique. While it is known that mycotoxins can affect the function of the central and peripheral nervous systems, knowledge about their influence on the ENS is limited. These manifest primarily as alterations in the levels of active substances expressed by the enteric neuron. The enteric nervous system (ENS) can undergo adaptive and reparative changes in response to physiological and pathological stimuli. The single intramuscular application of T-2 toxin at the dose used in our study affects only qualitative histological characteristics of the compact bone in rabbits. Also, no significant effects of the T-2 toxin on trabecular bone morphometry and cortical bone thickness were observed between rabbits of either sex. On the contrary, morphometrical analysis of the compact bone showed no demonstrable alternations in the sizes of primary osteons’ vascular canals, Haversian canals or secondary osteons between rabbits from E and C groups. An absence of primary vascular longitudinal bone tissue near endosteal surfaces, its deposition on periosteal surfaces and a lower density of secondary osteons in the middle part of the substantia compacta were observed in both females and males injected with T-2 toxin. ![]() Group C (n = 4) without T-2 toxin application served as a control. Experimental E group (n = 4) consisted of animals which were intramuscularly injected with T-2 toxin at dose 0.08 mg.kg⁻¹ body weight 72 h before slaughter. This study focuses on acute effects of the T-2 toxin on compact and trabecular bone tissues structure of rabbits after a single intramuscular administration. Its effect on bone microstructure is still unknown. T-2 toxin is the most toxic of the trichothecene mycotoxins.
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